How a court jester slapped the king's butt, then brilliantly convinced him not to kill him Triboulet served as court jester under King Francis I, who ruled France from 1515 to 1547 . Triboulet's quick humor rescued him from Francis I's deadly wrath, not once, but twice. Court jesters hold a unique place in history. Playing the fool for kings and queens meant they were always in close proximity to royalty, but so very far from their rank and station. Comedians often like to push boundaries, but that can be a dangerous business when your job is to entertain the peope who have executioners at their beck and call. Especially when you forget your place—or purposely ignore it, as the case may be—and playfully smack the reigning monarch square on the behind. That little whoopsie was the claim to fame of Triboulet, a court jester who served King Francis I in 16th-century France. But it was how he got away with slapping the king on the butt and living to tell about it that earne...
The Returning Soldier Effect – A Detailed Explanation
The Returning Soldier Effect is a phenomenon that soldiers who returned from wars are more likely to father sons than other genders leading to an effect that during war times more boys than girls are born.
How was this effect discovered?
During a study conducted in 1954 by MacMahon and Pugh in the United States, the two scientists came to a surprising conclusion. Originally, they had wanted to investigate how many white children were born in the US during the Second World War. But while they were doing this, they discovered one of the most incredible phenomena in the recent history of science.
They noticed that during the Second World War more boys were born than girls and that this effect can be seen in several countries participating in World War II like Austria, the US, Belgium, France, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, and the UK (only for Italy and Spain there was no significant change of the gender ratio). However, they were not able to come up with an explanation for this.
In their search for answers, the US scientists also examined the birth rates in earlier centuries and came to the conclusion that always during and after a war, more boys than girls were born. For a long time, there were no explanations for this “returning soldier effect”, as scientists called it – until evolutionary researchers put forward an interesting theory.
What is the reason for the Returning Soldier Effect?
One of the first explanation for the Returning Soldier Effect was that it is just an evolutionary phenomenon. As sons have a higher expected reproduction rate than daughters during and immediately after wars in which many men die this theory was proclaiming a general preference by nature for boys in order to increase human reproduction. However, this theory is not rational as it is impossible for parents to know in advance how long war may last.
Another explanation by Grant was saying that not the father but the mother had a higher impact on the sex of the offspring. Grant was assuming that the more testosterone a mother is having in her blood the higher the chance of giving birth to a son. During war years women had to be “harder” and “tougher” and as a result, they have more boys, presumably because their testosterone levels increase during wars.
Scientists however are skeptical about that theory as there is no proof for a mother’s impact on a child’s gender. In addition, this theory also cannot explain why the gender ratio remains high even a few years after the end of the war.
The most likely explanation for the Returning Soldier Effect
The most common theory however comes from a study of British soldiers that showed that survivors of war are, on average, taller than the fallen soldiers. From an evolutionary point of view, this makes sense because it can be assumed that larger men are also stronger and therefore have more strength and endurance.
At the same time, it was also demonstrated that the probability of giving birth to a boy is high when the parents are tall. The “returning soldier effect” is therefore based on the fact that during a war on average taller men tend to survive and that the probability of them having a boy is higher than among smaller men.
Why do taller soldiers have a better chance of surviving in a war?
There are actually two main theories to explain why taller soldiers have a better chance of surviving in a war. The first theory states that taller soldiers tend to be physically stronger and fitter giving them a natural advantage in fights with smaller and weaker soldiers.
A second reason might be that height is also correlated with intelligence. More intelligent soldiers might reach a higher military rank reducing the chance of being involved in dangerous situations due to their relative seniority.
How big is the impact of that effect?
The impact of the returning soldier effect during and after war times might not be huge but still significant. The following figure shows how the number of boys born per 100 girls born changed in Germany over time. As you can see the number of boys born is increasing during and after World War I and World War II.
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| Number of boys born per 100 girls. |
Is the Returning Soldier Effect still relevant?
The days of the First and Second World Wars and other major wars are long gone, and the question remains whether the “returning soldier effect” will continue to have the same effect as observed in those times. Statistics show that this is no longer the case, despite the war in Iraq, the Ukrainian crisis, or the Syrian conflict. Once again, the question is: why? But here, too, scientists have found a very plausible answer.
The reason for this is that the way in which war is waged has changed. Instead of focusing on large battles, wars nowadays rely on effectively deployed troops and state-of-the-art technology. Not as many men go to war as in those times, and accordingly, this also means that more men survive – in absolute terms. The evolutionary selection of larger men resulting from wars in those days no longer plays a role, and the same goes for the “returning soldier effect”.
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